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Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 61
13.3 Kermit
13.3.1 ZCOMM Kermit Capabilities At a Glance
Local operation..................Yes
Remote operation.................Yes
Transfers text files.............Yes
Transfers binary files...........Yes
Wildcard send....................Yes
Filename collision avoidance.....Yes
Can time out.....................Yes
8th-bit prefixing................Yes
8 bit serial data................Yes
Sliding Windows..................Yes
Long Packets.....................Yes
Repeat count prefixing...........Yes
Alternate block checks...........Yes
Terminal emulation...............Multiple
Communication settings...........Yes
Transmit BREAK...................Yes
IBM mainframe communication......Yes
Transaction logging..............Yes
Act as server....................no
Talk to server...................Yes
Advanced commands for servers....Yes
Handle file attributes...........no
Programmable reset string........Yes
Kermit operates with a wide range of computer systems, including those
whose restrictive terminal interfaces prevent XMODEM transfers.
Kermit uses an encoding technique called quoting to represent control
characters and (if necessary) parity bits with standard printable
characters. It is one of the few asynchronous error correcting
protocols that work properly with half duplex IBM front ends. Because
of the overhead from character quoting, Kermit is less efficient
(slower) than ZMODEM.
Kermit can transfer one or more files per command, preserving the
exact file length.
EXAMPLE: kermit sb file1 file2
EXAMPLE: kermit rb
13.3.2 Incompatible Kermit Dialects When sending files with the
Kermit Protocol, ZCOMM uses all 8 bits for the transfer unless a 7 bit
parity mode (e.g., ena -7e) is used, the kermit 7 numeric parameter is
non zero, or the other program requests 8th bit qouting. If ZCOMM is
using a 7 bit parity mode (such as ena -7m), ZCOMM requests 8th bit
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 62
quoting unless the kermit 8 numeric parameter is non zero.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Both programs must use the same parity
for Kermit file transfers to succeed.
-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-
Kermit does not provide an automatic means of forcing both the sender
and receiver to use the same dialect. Files cannot be transferred if
the two programs disagree on parity handling, Such failures are quite
commonplace. A common symptom is a transfer that starts up normally
but always fails at the same block. Setting appropriate parity
corrects these Kermit failures.
ZCOMM's Kermit AutoDownload(TM) (enabled with the K mode) allows the
term function to sense the beginning of a Kermit file download, make
the proper determination on whether to use 8 bit serial data, and
execute the file download without user intervention.
13.3.3 Kermit Performance Enhancements Super-Kermit (Kermit with
Sliding Windows) transmits multiple packets before waiting for a
response, increasing throughput with timesharing systems and networks.
ZCOMM uses sliding windows and CRC error detection if the other
machine's Kermit supports them.
ZCOMM also supports long packets for increased throughput with
suitable systems, including many that do not support sliding windows.
ZCOMM allows Kermit long packets up to 1000 characters on DOS, up to
2048 on 32 bit Unix systems.
The maximum send packet length is set by the kermit l numeric
parameter. ZCOMM will ask for sliding windows if this is set to 94 or
less.
EXAMPLE: k pl94
The maximum receive packet length is set by the kermit L numeric
parameter. ZCOMM will ask for sliding windows if this is set to 94 or
less.
EXAMPLE: k pL94
With the default values for the kermit l and kermit L parameters,
ZCOMM will choose long packets over sliding windows when a choice is
possible.
ZCOMM supports 12 bit Kermit checksums and 16 bit Kermit CRC for
professional error detection performance. ZCOMM uses the most
reliable Kermit error correction available. Shorter checksums may be
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 63
forced by changing the kermit b numeric parameter.
13.3.4 Accessing Kermit Servers The commands to start up a Kermit
server vary from system to system. Unix C-Kermit can be started in
server mode with kermit -ix given to Unix or VMS. When the Kermit
server is active, the ZCOMM get, send, and remote ... commands may be
used. The ZCOMM finish command causes the remote Kermit server to
exit to its operating system.
13.3.5 Kermit Caveats Some versions of Kermit translate files as
they are sent, by default! Typical modifications include CR/LF to NL
transformations and CPMEOF stripping. Before transferring binary
files, such editing must be disabled with SET FILE TYPE BINARY or
similar commands given to the other program. The demonstration in
Chapter 10 includes several Kermit server access and file transfer
commands.
If the Kermit protocol doesn't work with IBM mainframe communications,
incorrect ASCII/EBCDIC translate tables may be the problem.
Some mainframe "front ends" require special characters or a break
signal to recover from transmission errors ("line hits"). The
kermreset string parameter (q.v.) may be programmed with the required
sequence.
SEE ALSO: kermreset string parameter
When downloading files from some versions of Kermit, best results may
sometimes be obtained by starting ZCOMM's kermit receive before typing
the carriage return that starts the sender on the remote. If the
other program includes an adjustable initial delay, you can save time
by setting it to zero.
SEE ALSO: kermit d numeric parameter
SEE ALSO: K mode (Kermit AutoDownload(TM))
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 64
13.4 Uploading Files to Unix Systems
Files may be uploaded to Unix systems conveniently and quickly with
ZMODEM. Unix flavors of Professional-YAM support the full ZMODEM-
90(TM) feature set including Intelligent Crash Recovery(TM) and
selective transfers with the rz command, a hard link to the
/usr/bin/yam program.
The undos program may be used to remove carriage returns files
uploaded to Unix machines.
When accessed over a network, some systems require additional control
characters to be escaped. The sz command e option may be used to
escape all control characters.
SEE ALSO: e option
Individual control characters can be escaped with the zmtxesc string
parameter.
SEE ALSO: zmtxesc string parameter
If the Unix system is operating with 7 bits, the sender's zmodem d
parameter may have to be increased to allow the rz program time to
change Unix to 8 bits for the transfer.
SEE ALSO: zmodem d numeric parameter
Pro-YAM may not be available on a particular system. The rz program
supports a subset of ZCOMM's ZMODEM features.[6]
On Unix systems with Professional-YAM installed, the rzsz source files
and man pages are installed in the /usr/src/command/rzsz directory.
If rz is not installed on the Unix system, unpack the rzsz.zoo file on
your MSDOS system with: looz x rzsz.zoo given from the DOS prompt.
Next, the command source zupl.t calls the zupl.t script to upload the
bootstrap file minirb.c, compile it, and use it to upload the
remainder of the source files.
After the rest of the files have been uploaded, compile rz.c and sz.c
using the directions given in the README file and in the C source
files.
The manual "pages" rz.1 and sz.1 may be formatted with nroff commands
such as
nroff -Tlp -man rz.1 sz.1
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 65
If the target system does not have a compiler, it may be possible to
compile minirb.c locally, strip the executable file for minumum size,
uuencode the executable, and transfer the result to the target system.
Once minirb is operational on the target system, a uuencoded copy of
rz can be uploaded.[7] This requires the target system to have the
uudecode program, and a compiler that supports the target system.
13.5 Downloading Files from Unix Systems
To download files from Unix(TM) systems, use the Unix sz command to
send the desired files to ZCOMM. To Unix keyboard: sz file ...
ZCOMM's ZMODEM AutoDownload(TM) takes care of the rest for you, saving
unnecessary keystrokes.
If one or more of the files already exists on the destination disk,
use sz -y file ... instead, to replace the old copies on your
computer.
Another useful option sends only the files that exist on both
computers (Y), and furthermore sends only those that are newer (n):
sz -Yn file ...
When files are long and transmission slow, you can save time by
squeezing them first with sq. Source for a Unix compatible version of
sq is available in xsq.cq.[8] The zoo program, available for DOS and
Unix, may also be used to compress file(s) before transmission.
Omen Technology products support ZMODEM compression with the Z option.
All Omen Technology products support compression by Run Length
Encoding (RLE). Unix flavors of Professional-YAM also support LZW
compression.
Unix source files normally do not contain carriage returns used by
CP/M and DOS. Some CP/M or DOS programs, such as C compilers, do not
require carriage returns in the source files. Others, such as the
Microsoft Macro Assembler, become quite confused by such files,
although such files fully meet the requirements of the ASCII standard.
Carriage Returns may be added before downloading with the todos or
tocpm programs. Carriage returns may be added during the transfer
with the sz a option. Carriage Returns may be added after the
transfer by some program editors, including uEMACS. (Other editors,
such as DOS edlin may crash trying to edit such files.) Short files
__________
7. As written, minirb cannot transfer binary files.
8. /usr/src/cmd/xsq.c on Unix systems.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 66
(less than 64kb) may be converted using ZCOMM's read and create
commands to pass the data through ZCOMM's capture buffer.
Text files may also be downloaded using the capture buffer if sz has
not been installed on the Unix machine.
If a file or set of files are to be transported between two Unix
systems, it may be helpful to place them in a tar or cpio archive (and
possibly squeeze the archive) before transmission. This procedure
will preserve the Unix file modes and modification times, and bypass
pathname restrictions imposed by DOS.
As with rz, Unix Professional-YAM is linked to sz to support the full
ZMODEM-90(TM) feature set. Otherwise the separate Unix sz program may
be obtained as described in the previous subchapter.
13.6 VAX/VMS File Transfers
Most of the comments made above about Unix file transfers apply to VMS
as well.
Automatic uploads to VMS may require setting the zmodem d (delay)
numeric parameter to gice time for the VMS rz program to properly
initialize.
SEE ALSO: zmodem d numeric parameter
EXAMPLE: zmodem pd15
13.6.1 Version 4 rz/sz Omen provides VMS flavors of version 4 rz and
sz precompiled in rzsz.tlb, a VMS "text library". Version 4 rz
supports most ZMODEM-90 features including Crash Recovery,
compression, and MobyTurbo. Binary uploads write files with a default
VMS 512 byte fixed length record format.
EXAMPLE: sz biglib.tlb
Sending to VMS with the i option selects the VMS Stream_LF record
format. Stream_LF preserves the exact file length and data contents
when read by C programs.
EXAMPLE: sz -i vmsemacs.exe
Sending to VMS with the I option causes the VMS receiver to use
variable length binary records. VMS Kermit-32 and some other programs
understand this record format.
Text files uploaded with the a option are written in variable length
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
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ZCOMM User Manual 67
records with CR carriage control.
EXAMPLE: sz -a emacs*.c
Version 4 VMS sz supports standard VMS wild card and directory
recursion syntax.
EXAMPLE: $ sz -qa [*...]*.prn sends all accessible .prn files on the
system in ASCII mode. The VMS sz q option suppresses the initial tally
of the number of files and their lengths. This tally can take some
time when a large number of files and directories are invloved. The f
option may be added to send directory names as well.
If you use Kermit to upload the rzsz.tlb file to VMS, command the
receiving Kermit program to SET FILE FIXED. Otherwise Kermit will
garble the data.
13.7 GEnie File Transfers
The General Electric Consumer Information Service service (GEnie) uses
ZMODEM-90(TM) for efficient downloads. GEnie's ZMODEM server selects
ZMODEM RLE Compression or MobyTurbo(TM) for optimum download speed on
each file.
GEnie uses a large network to provide callers with local access
numbers. This requires technical tradeoffs to control data flow in
the network. If you are using an MNP modem, download speeds can be
improved by increasing GEnie's ZMODEM window size.
EXAMPLE: genie24 speed 4800 249-8365/mnp set adlopts "W16384"
Startup on Genie ZMODEM AutoDownloads can be speeded up by disabling
Security Verification.
EXAMPLE: ena -yZ :: Disable ZMODEM Security verification
The sx file.exe command is used for XMODEM-CRC uploads to GEnie. When
uploading with XMODEM-CRC, Wait for GEnie's "READY FOR INPUT, start
your XMODEM upload." message, and then wait for the XMODEM-CRC C to
appear before issuing the sx command. Issuing the sx command before
the C appears may corrupt the uploaded file.
A number of GEnie access scripts are provided in scripts.zoo with
filenames starting with ge. The main GEnie login script is provided
in phones2.t witin scripts.zoo.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 68
13.8 CompuServe File Transfers
ZCOMM supports CompuServe Quick-B and the faster Extended Quick-B (B+)
file transfer protocols. As this is being written, these protocols
are being revised. Please check the newest.me file for possible
changes.
B+ Protocol is used by the CompuServe Timesharing Service through the
CompuServe, Tymnet, and Telenet networks. B+ Protocol file transfers
are initiated by the CompuServe computer. The B+ Protocol file
transfer protocol is well supported by this timesharing service.
Under typical conditions, the B+ Protocol saves 35 per cent or more in
file transmission time and connect charges compared to XMODEM protocol
transfers.
The c or C mode must be set with ena -c or ena -C to allow the B+
protocol to seize control and transfer files.
The adlopts string parameter allows the y and v file transfer options
to be specified for CIS-B transfers.
The w numeric parameter controls the block length used by the
CompuServe B+ Protocol. A longer length increases throughput, but may
overload some networks, resulting in excessive retransmissions or
failed transfers. With the new Extended Quick-B protocol, the maximum
block length is 1024 data bytes. A value of 0 (the default) allows
the Compuserve computer to control the block length, up to 1024 with
Extended Quick-B.
A negative value controls the upload block length but still allows
Compuserve to control the download block length (1024 with Extended
Quick B).
Uploads to Compuserve using longer block lengths are especially
sensitive to poor flow control, especially when error correcting
modems (MNP, etc.) are used. If B protocol uploads fail or require
excessive retransmissions, correct the flow control arrangements,
disable the modem's error correction, or try a smaller upload block
size.
The data contents of successfully transferred file(s) are not affected
by this parameter.
Some networks may garble data when Quick-B's streaming causes ZCOMM to
respond to incoming data concurrently with incoming data. The o
numeric parameter can be set to 0 to disable streaming (send-ahead).
It is essential to use the same interface speed to the modem as the
modem's transmission rate when uploading files with B+ protocol. If
the modem buffers any characters, ZCOMM's response to CompuServe's
flow control will be too slow to prevent loss of data.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 69
The CompuServe B+ Protocol controls all file transfer operations
(except permission to overwrite files) from the timesharing system.
Waiting for long files to download can be boring. You can start the
transfer and walk away from the computer, but CompuServe will stay
connected for 15 minute$ after the transfer is finished if you don't
come back when the download finishes. This expense can be avoided by
typing ALT-Q once the protocol transfer has started. ALT-Q tells
ZCOMM to disconnect as soon as the protocol transfer is completed,
stopping the connect charges. An alternative method is to control the
transfers with a script, using either ejryam or the less sophisticated
cissig and dow.t scripts included with the software distribution.
When "browsing" through CompuServe's software "downloading section"
libraries, the kcisdl.t script file and ZCOMM allow you to download a
file with a single keystroke: F3. Installation instructions are
provided in that file.
13.9 BIX File Transfers
BIX (Byte Information Exchange) supports ZMODEM-90 and Kermit file
transfers.
The Tymnet phone number in the bix telephone directory entry should be
changed for your calling area. Other scripts are provided to handle
BIX mail and conferences.
When setting up a new BIX account, give the command call bix,new to
force a login to the BIX new account program.
Be sure to select ZMODEM downloads and Kermit (sliding windows)
uploads with the BIX "OPTIONS" menu choice. Set the Zcomm adlopts
string variable to m or mr to enable MobyTurbo and ZMODEM Crash
Recovery.
BIX's transfer time predictions are about 40 per cent too pessimistic
for ZMODEM transfers.
A number of BIX scripts are included in SCRIPTS.ZOO.
13.10 User Exit Processing
The onclosetx and oncloserx string parameters provide a facility to
perform user defined file related functions ("user exits") immediately
after each file is closed, while the protocol is still active. Wild
card filename expansionss are not allowed in this context.
The oncloserx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file received with a file transfer
protocol.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Protocol File Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 70
EXAMPLE: set oncloserx @crc %rname; obey "!%mv %rname /tmp"
When each file is received, the crc command calculates and displays a
CRC for the file.
Then the !% command calls the mv program to move the file just
received to the /tmp directory. The "%" in the "!%" command causes
the rest of the command string to be processed for string
substitutions.
The onclosetx string parameter may be used to perform user commands or
call a script once for each file sent with a file transfer protocol.
Wild card file name expansions may not be used in onclosetx.
EXAMPLE: The following causes each successfully sent file to be moved
to the /done directory.
set onclosetx
@if !d? obey "!%mv %rname /done"
SEE ALSO: rname, tname, drive, pwd string parameters, ?, d? test
conditions
User exits will cause protocol timeouts if their execution takes too
long. Since both Zcomm and the remote machine are still executing
file transfer protocols when user exits are called, user exits can not
use the serial port.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 13 Message Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 71
14. MESSAGE TRANSFERS
14.1 Downloading Messages
ZCOMM is flexible capturing output from other systems. The trick is
to make the remote send the information without too much
embellishment.
When downloading files without a file transfer protocol, set the
timesharing system to send tabs as tab characters without expanding
them to spaces. Turn off fill characters. These extra characters
waste time and money and ZCOMM doesn't need them. ZCOMM's s and S
modes can be used to strip control characters and escape sequences
from the capture download.
EXAMPLE: t -s file
If the remote system responds to XOFF and XON, E mode may be enabled
to allow Error Containment(TM) to reduce the number of characters
garbled by "line hits".
EXAMPLE: t -E7e file1 uses Error Containment to download file1 from a
system using 7 bits even parity. Error Containment works best when
even or odd parity is available.
SEE ALSO: E, j, S, s modes
14.1.1 XON/XOFF Files of arbitrary length may be transferred if the
remote supports flow control with the ASCII XOFF and XON control
characters. Output from most timesharing services may be captured to
a file using this method.
To download a file with XON/XOFF flow control: t file1
14.1.2 DC2/DC4 (^R/^T) Some bulletin boards support file downloads
by issuing a DC2 to open a capture buffer, sending the file, and
terminating the capture with DC4. ZCOMM does not support this
"protocol" directly. The review t and b commands can be used to strip
excess characters from the circular buffer before writing the file to
disk.
This "protocol" can be implemented with Turbodial(TM) script commands:
EXAMPLE: pat 1c "\022" "@kill; create capture.fil"
pat 2c "\024" "close"
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Message Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 72
14.1.3 Data Dump Sometimes no flow control is available. The fget *
command allows ZCOMM to accept a continuous stream of data at a
maximum data rate determined by the hardware and software environment.
With a hard disk, excellent results have been obtained with a 4.77 mHz
PC accepting graphics dumps at 9600 bps.
EXAMPLE: fget file1
At slower speeds or with a fast computer, the term function j mode*
may be used for nonstop file capture.
EXAMPLE: t -j file1
The fget command does not provide a progress display. While this
allows the fastest possible data capture (38400 bps on a suitable
computer), sometimes there is no handy way to monitor the flow of
data.
The term function I (super-image) mode may be used to capture a binary
file, provided CRT emulation is disabled with a display dumb command
or by enabling v mode.
EXAMPLE: display dumb; t -Ij file1
The fax directory entry in PHONES2.T gives another example of how
ZCOMM's data capture modes may be used to capture binary data.
14.2 Uploading Messages
It is often possible to upload files using the f command with one or
more modes (such as w or p, possibly in combination with t).
Message uploads are more reliable if you keyboard enab flow before
connecting through Telenet. If using Tymnet, type ^R^X just before
the host computer name to enable flow control with XOFF and XON.
Check with your network's documentation for further details or updates
to this information.
It often helps to use "half duplex" ( h mode) with the computer echo
disabled when uploading files to the computer. This saves the
computer from wasting precious time echoing characters.
Another tactic is to avoid uncorrected message transfers during peak
hours. Telephone usage peaks during midday with a resulting increase
in noise induced line hits. Timesharing computers and communications
networks are more likely to drop characters due to buffer overloading
during high traffic periods as well.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Message Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 73
14.2.1 Paced Some systems accept characters only at a certain rate,
a slow speed for each character and possibly a pause at the end of
each line. Depending on the particular system, data transfer may have
to pause briefly at the end of the line,[1] or wait for a particular
character to signify readiness to accept the next line. There may be
an additional delay after that[2] before the remote is able to accept
more data.
EXAMPLE: f -p file1 uploads file1 with a wait for the linefeed echo at
the end of each transmitted line.
EXAMPLE: pg63; f -p file1 Sets the prompt character to decimal 63
("?") and sends the file with a wait for "?" after each transmitted
line.
As with the fpute command, the remote system must be commanded to open
and close the file.
14.2.2 Throttle Another method of slowing message uploads is the
throttle, activated by t mode. Throttle artificially slows Zcomm's
character transmission to allow more time for the receiving system to
digest each character. The speed of transmission with t mode is
controlled by the t numeric parameter.
EXAMPLE: f -t secret.msg
Really slow systems may require both throttle and pacing to send data
efficiently without loss.
EXAMPLE: f -tp turkey.slo
14.2.3 Uploading to IBM Mainframes Text files can be uploaded to IBM
mainframes using the P (upper case) mode. When the P mode is
activated, ZCOMM will wait for an XON (^Q) after sending each line.
In this special mode, ZCOMM will not time out waiting for the XON, no
matter how long it takes for the IBM front end to send it. If, for
some reason, the front end fails to send the XON, (or if it is garbled
in transmission), Ctrl-Q may be keyboarded.
EXAMPLE: f -P file1
__________
1. Controlled by the p numeric parameter
2. Controlled by the q numeric parameter
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Message Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 74
SEE ALSO: P mode, Kermit protocol
14.2.4 Uploading Messages to Bulletin Boards The greatest file
transfer challenge is to upload a file to a bulletin board message
system running on a tiny microcomputer. Bulletin board message
systems have a rich variety of operating sequences and timing
dependencies matched only by the proliferation of incompatible
dialects of Basic and Pascal.
Message upload from files to bulletin boards reduces connect time and
$welling of the Phone Bill. Unattended message transfer saves the
user's time, especially if the board is difficult to access.
The t, p and w modes and the g, p, t, and q numeric parameters allow
disk files to be uploaded to such systems.
The basic program cbbsck.bas may be used (perhaps with modifications)
to check that a message file does not violate the restrictions of the
message system being uploaded to. A C version is also available.
EXAMPLE: f -pt file1
14.2.5 Uploading to CompuServe SIGS A file may be uploaded to a
CompuServe SIG (Special Interest Group) editor with p mode and the g
numeric parameter set to colon. When the file has been transferred,
hit ENTER to send a blank line to terminate message entry.
EXAMPLE: set eolstr "\r."; pp1000; pg58; f -p FILE Is useful for
uploading a prepared message to Compuserve's bulletin boards. This
setting for eolstr inserts a carriage return and period after each
line to prevent the CompuServe software from reformatting the message.
EXAMPLE: pp1000, pg58, and f -p FILE transmits FILE waiting for the
prompt character ":" before sending each line after the first.
An alternative is to set the SIG "FIL" option, which calls the EDIT
editor. The cisupl script file referenced by phones2.t uses the SIG
"FIL" editor option.
Compuserve nodes often drop characters when files are uploaded at full
speed in full duplex. This can be avoided by using h mode (local
echo) and turning off Compuserve's echo.
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Message Transfers
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 75
14.3 Fpute: Echoplex Uploads
Text files can often be uploaded reasonably efficiently using the
fpute command.* Fpute waits for an echo to each character sent to the
remote. Fpute provides modest throughput without loss of data for
systems with terminal ports designed for keyboard data entry. The
maximum speed with fpute is limited to about 1/3 the normal character
rate by echo delays. There is no error correction with fpute, but
character by character handshaking prevents lost data caused by buffer
overflow. If possible, TABS should be set to echo as TAB characters
and not as spaces. Before the fpute command is given, the remote
system must be instructed to enter data from the "terminal" to a file.
After the file has been sent, the remote system must be instructed to
close the file.
EXAMPLE: fpute file1
(C) 1990 Omen Tech Inc Chapter 14 Flow Control
Version 17.78 TurboDial 2.35 Universal Line Printer Edition
ZCOMM User Manual 76
15. FLOW CONTROL
All of us must sometimes tell people to "slow down" lest they overload
us with information faster than we can write it down. "Wait!" is a
Flow Control Signal for the English language. When the receiving
ZCOMM complains about Garbled Data Subpacket or Line Status Register
01 you should suspect a flow control problem.
When buffered modems, timesharing systems, networks, or computers of
differing speeds are involved, a machine readable "Wait!" signal is
required.
Flow control is sometimes necessary to display long messages without
skipping over the good parts. If you see pieces of text missing from
messages but don't see the usual funny characters caused by line
noise, ypu have a flow control problem.
File transfers that use long blocks or streaming protocols may not
work well unless slower parts of the system regulate the speed of
transmission to prevent loss of data. With ZMODEM, SuperKermit, and
other streaming protocols, inexplicable retransmissions of data
blocks, often at regular intervals, indicate flow control failure.
If you wish to keep things simple, the sending computer should not
operate at a higher interface speed than the slowest link in the
network. Otherwise precautions must be taken to prevent data loss
with interactive operations and unnecessary retransmissions with
streaming file transfer protcols.
ZCOMM, ZCOMM, and DSZ default to software flow control with XON and
XOFF characters.[1] When used with modems that require hardware flow
control, the handshake command (q.v.) should be used to specify which
hardware lines are to be used for flow control.
Non transparent software flow control is incompatible with Emacs
editors, XMODEM and YMODEM transfers. XMODEM and YMODEM require
complete transparency to all 256 8 bit codes. An XMODEM transfer that
always fails at the same block results from non transparent flow
control. When XMODEM-1k and YMODEM-1k are used, the network must
assert flow control, or handle bursts of 1040 characters without data
loss. When X.25 or hardware CTS is unavailable, flow control that
does not "eat" any characters may be used with XMODEM and YMODEM.
When buffers fill up, an XOFF should be emitted. An XON should be
__________
1. The PCDOS flavor enables "handshake both" when selecting a port
with an active Clear To Send (CTS) signal that was previously
initialized to a speed greater than 2400 bps
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sent when the buffer has emptied. Otherwise, the network should
neither generate nor eat XON or XOFF characters.
On Telenet, this is obtained by setting CCIT X3 5:1 and 12:1 in the
PADs (Packet Assembler Dissassembler) at both ends of the network.
Packets should be forwarded when the packet is a full 128 bytes, or
after a moderate delay (3:0,4:10). Set parameter 5 to 1 at both ends
AFTER one is connected to the remote modem. (Sorry, these commands
must be given each time you connect to a modem in the far city!)
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 5:1<ENTER>
rst? 5:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
ZMODEM and Kermit protect all 4 XOFF and XON characters, commonly used
network control characters and trigger strings. ZMODEM and Kermit are
compatible with many networks that do not support XMODEM family
protocols, including some that claim network compatibility. For PADs
that do not accept "rst?", use:
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 4:2,5:1,12:1<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
For best Telenet download throughput, parameter 64 (advance ACK)
should be set to 7. The parameter 0 is a dummy argument that
distinguishes Telenet parameters from CCIT parameters.
<ENTER>@<ENTER>
set 0:0,64:7<ENTER>
cont<ENTER>
Sometimes Telenet flow control stops data transmission when the
network buffers are not yet full. If you often see "STOPPED" flashing
in the status line (DOS versions), or if you see the modem send data
light pause in a ZMODEM or SuperKermit file send, poor flow control
may be the culprit. Such slowdowns are typical when a network is
overloaded. If this condition persists, the network should take steps
to reduce the congestion. Turning OFF network flow control and
activating ZMODEM's or SuperKermit's protocol flow control may
increase throughput under these conditions.
Instead of or in addition to XON/XOFF flow control, the sending
program's ZMODEM w numeric parameter can restrict the window size to a
value that does not overload the network. A zmodem pw2048 command
restricts the window size (maximum number of bytes in transit) to
2048. This causes the sz command to trigger the receiver's
acknowledgement every 512 bytes (one fourth the value of the ZMODEM w
numeric parameter). The sender monitors these responses and suspends
transmission when necessary to restrict the window to the specified
size. Until a network dependent lower limit is reached, lower window
sizes improve the speed of error recovery at the expense of slight
increases in protocol overhead. When the window size becomes less
than the number of characters sent within the network's transit time,
throughput falls off rapidly. Frequent protocol acknowledgements slow
down high speed psuedo full duplex modems (US Robotics HST, Telebit
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TrailBlazer) and should be avoided.
ZMODEM-90(TM) allows the receiver to specify the window size with the
-Wn option where n is the desired window size.
EXAMPLE: set adlopts W8192 requests an 8193 byte window size.
Some modems and networks can be configured to flush (discard the
contents of) their buffers when a break signal is received. If this
is possible, error recovery with ZMODEM transfers may be speeded up by
setting the ZMODEM b parameter to 1, which sends a break whenever the
ZMODEM sending program gets a retransmission request.
Network and Flow Control (FC) Compatibility
______________________________________________________________________
| Network | Interactive | XMODEM | WXMODEM | S-KERMIT | ZMODEM |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
|No Network | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|8 bit, no FC | NO | YES | YES | YES(1) | YES(1) |
|Transparent FC | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
|Non Transparent | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES |
|7 bit | YES | NO | NO | YES | YES(2) |
|________________|_____________|________|_________|__________|________|
(1) Window size must be restricted to avoid buffer overrun if the
network cannot transfer data at full speed.
(2) Requires ZMODEM-90(TM) 7-bit support
15.1 Got ZRPOS Errors
Got ZRPOS indicates the receiving program has detected a transmission
error and has requested retransmission. In other words, ZMODEM is
doing its job of detecting and correcting missing and garbled data.
If this happens with error correcting modems, or more often than
observed line noise would suggest, the receiver's error messages must
be studied. "Line Status Register 01" messages indicate a flow
control problem. "Line Status Register 02" messages suggest a
receiver problem with interrupt latency.
Otherwise, the sender may have a flow control problem in one of four
areas:
+ Between the sending program and its modem. If using an interface
speed higher than the transmission speed, or modem to modem error
correction (MNP, LAPB, PEP, etc.), check that the modem and the
sending program are configured for the same flow control methods.
Omen Technology's software is faster than most other programs, and
may expose flow control problems not seen with slower software.
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+ Between the sending modem and the network. Correcting this
requires "handshake both" to allow the sending program to honor
both hardware (CTS) flow control from the modem and software flow
control (XON/XOFF) from the network.
+ Between parts of the network.
+ Between the receiving modem and the receiving program. This can
happen at high transmission speeds when the receiver has specified
a large I/O buffer size with the B numeric parameter.
Excessive interrupt latency from extended memory ramdisks or disk
caches, and poorly written hard disk drivers also wreak havoc on
streaming protocols but do not affect start-stop protocols
(XMODEM, etc.). Problems with extended memory disk caches may
cause errors at regular intervals; check the receiver's error
messages.
To work around these problems, give the "handshake slow" command
to the receiver.
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16. RUNNING ZCOMM
Before running ZCOMM, the keyboard Caps Lock should be turned off.
ZCOMM commands and most arguments must be entered in lower case.
16.1 Running ZCOMM from DOS
ZCOMM is called from DOS as ZCOMM [DPORT=n] [command ...]
The following special commands may be given from the command line
only.
DPORT=n is an optional override to the default comm port. If another
program is using the default comm port, ZCOMM may be told to
use another port to prevent interference.
SEE ALSO: DPORT environment variable
Command may be any desired combination of ZCOMM commands. Command
line arguments to ZCOMM must be in lower case except as noted.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM call cissig invokes ZCOMM and executes the commands
in the "cissig" telephone directory entry.
EXAMPLE: C>ZCOMM DPORT=2 call othersys
Selects COM2 before initializing the serial port
16.1.1 DOS Environment Variables DOS environment variables are set
with the DOS set command in the form SET VARIABLE=VALUE given in a
batch file or at the DOS prompt.
NOTE: There must not be any spaces before or after the "=" sign. If
you set many environment variables, DOS will quietly forget some of
them unless you tell DOS to make more room for them. You can issue
the DOS "set" command by itself to check the accuracy of DOS
environment variables.
ZCOMM searches the DOS Environment for the following variables:
CBSIZE overrides the default allocation for the circular buffer.** If
memory is limited, the DOS command SET CBSIZE=3000 will leave
more memory for DOS Gateway or other programs. CBSIZE may be
set as high as 65500.
EXAMPLE: C>SET CBSIZE=65000
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COMSPEC ZCOMM uses the DOS COMSPEC environment variable to load
COMMAND.COM or similar program to parse and execute DOS gateways
(shell escapes).
DIRRX, DIRSX, DIRCX, DIRPX, DIRFX Contain optional receive (DIRRX),
send (DIRSX), capture (DIRCX), paste (DIRPX), and file (DIRFX)
directory presets. When ZCOMM starts, these environment
variables preset the dirrx, dirsx, dircx, dirpx and dirfx string
variables respectively.
DIRSIZE controls the number of directory items that may be sorted with
each wildcard. It should be set to 23 * times the desired
number of entries (default = 200). If more directory entries
are encountered, they are processed without sorting.
EXAMPLE: C>set DIRSIZE=8000
DPORT overrides the default modem port (COM1) initially accessed by
ZCOMM.
EXAMPLE: C>set DPORT=2
The DPORT environment variable can also be specified as a hex
port address,vector number pair.
EXAMPLE: C>set DPORT=2f8,5
SEE ALSO: portx command
EGA Stting this to MONO causes ZCOMM to use video mode 7 for 80x25
column text instead of the default video mode 3. This is needed
when using some EGA cards with an Monochrome MDA compatible
monitor.
EXAMPLE: C>set EGA=MONO
HOTPORT Suppresses the "Warning: Old dport=" message (q.v.) seen when
Zcomm is called from certain operating systems or programs.
EXAMPLE: C>set HOTPORT=1
SEE ALSO: port, portx commands
MODEM Describes the type of modem used by the mm224e.t script. See
Chapter 9 for details.
EXAMPLE: C>set MODEM=mm224e.t
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PATH must include the directories containing ZCOMM and the help
processor YHP.
PHONES overrides the default pathname used to fetch ZCOMM's telephone
directory. Forward slashes should be used to indicate
directories.
EXAMPLE: C>set PHONES=c:/yam/phones.t
YAMQUIET Inhibits the display and locks the keyboard, preventing ZCOMM
from writing on the screen. * This is useful when calling ZCOMM
from another program.
EXAMPLE: C>set YAMQUIET=257 Performs the equivalent of an
initial kbdlock 257 command.
SEE ALSO: kbdlock command
ZONE sets the z numeric parameter to the number of minutes the
current local time lags GMT time.
EXAMPLE: C>set ZONE=420
SEE ALSO: z numeric parameter
Before running the X.PC* version of Pro-YAM, you must run the Tymnet
X.PC driver to make it resident by calling the driver from DOS. The
driver announces itself and returns control to DOS. The Tymnet X.PC
driver uses approximately 40kb memory.
EXAMPLE: xpcmain
16.1.2 Help Program Environment Variables The flash-up help
processor program YHP examines the environment for the NORMATTR,
REVATTR, and UNDLATTR variables. These set help screen parameters for
normal, reverse video, and underline attributes corresponding to the
n,r, and u numeric parameters.
EXAMPLE: C>set NORMATTR=3
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16.2 Dialing out from Unix
ZCOMM is called from Unix as [DPORT=S] yam [command ...]
DPORT=S is an optional override to the initial default serial line.
If another program is using the line, ZCOMM complains that the port is
busy and will refuse to open it.
Command may be any desired combination of ZCOMM commands.
EXAMPLE: yam call cissig invokes ZCOMM and executes the commands in
the "cissig" telephone directory entry.
EXAMPLE: DPORT=tty77 yam call othersys
Selects /dev/tty77 before executing the othersys telephone directory
entry.
If ZCOMM is run in the background, it will exit if it reaches the main
command prompt.
EXAMPLE: yam call cissig&
As a form of shorthand, ZCOMM may be invoked as call if that is the
command to be executed.
EXAMPLE: call cissig
16.2.1 X Windows When run under the X Windows xterm(1) interface
program (indicated by the Unix TERM environment variable), ZCOMM
understands xterm's keyboard mappings for function and ALT keys.
16.2.2 UNIX/XENIX Environment Variables Unix/Xenix ZCOMM flavors
search the Environment for the following variables:
CBSIZE overrides the default allocation for the circular buffer. On
32 bit systems, the maximum CBSIZE is limited only by the
operating system's process size limit.
EXAMPLE: CBSIZE=300000; export CBSIZE
DIRRX, DIRSX, DIRCX, DIRPX, DIRFX Perform the same function as
described for the DOS flavor above. (Since Unix does not use
colon (:) as a device specifier, Unix flavors do not treat
colon(s) in pathnames in any special way.)
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DPORT overrides the default modem port initially accessed by ZCOMM.
EXAMPLE: DPORT=tty12; export DPORT
HZ Indicates the number of kernel "clock ticks" per second. This
calibrates terminal function timeouts, protocol timeouts, and
the sleep command. The HZ environment variable must be set if
the value used by your system is not 100 clock ticks per second.
LOGFILE Specifies the pathname for the log file (default:
/tmp/yamlog.tmp) created by the -v option when invoking ZCOMM as
xyam, rz, sz, rb, sb, rx, or sx.
SEE ALSO: v option
MODEM Describes the type of modem used by the mm224 script. See
Chapter 9 for details.
EXAMPLE: MODEM=MM224E; export MODEM
PATH must include the directories containing yam and the help
processor yhp.
PHONES overrides the default pathname used to fetch ZCOMM's telephone
directory.
EXAMPLE: PHONES=/usr/lib/local/localphone.t; export PHONES
SHELL ZCOMM uses this environment variable to select the appropriate
program for its shell escapes.
TERM If the TERM environment variable contains xterm, xterms or
anything else beginning with xterm, ZCOMM assumes it is
operating as a subprocess to the Xwindows xterm(1) program,
enabling a term function status line if the X numeric parameter
allows.
SEE ALSO: X numeric parameter The LINES and COLUMNS environment
variables preset the # and $ numeric parameters respectively.
This assumption may be overridden by setting the X numeric
parameter.
If the TERM environment parameter contains the string 401
indicating emulation of a Tektronix 4010 series storage tube
terminal, status line updates are inhibited when Tek graphics is
active.
If the TERM environment parameter begins with "wy" (as in
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"wy60") ZCOMM will use and recognize Wyse escape sequences. The
TERM environment variable is also checked for AT386 which
enables a different decoding of keyboard escape sequences.
UUCPLOCK If UUCPLOCK contains "/usr/spool/locks/LCK.." ZCOMM uses
"Honey Danber" uucp port arbitration conventions.
16.3 Dialing in to Unix
Unix flavors may be used for dial-in applications to transfer files
and commands with programs logged in to terminal ports. The commands
rz, sz, zcommand, and zcommandi perform the same functions as the
corresponding ZCOMM commands. They may be given directly to the shell
or executed from a shell script or Makefile.
EXAMPLE: sz -Yn *.c *.h
The Makefile fragment below commands a DOS ZCOMM logged into a serial
port to clear its dirrx string parameter, change to its root
directory, and then sends a new version of the executable to the DOS
machine.
EXAMPLE: cpsz:/tmp/yam.exe
@zcommand 'set dirrx ""'
@zcommand "c:;cd /"
@sz -y /tmp/yam.exe
More general command sequences or other protocols such as Kermit may
be accessed with the xyam command.
EXAMPLE: xyam kermit sb *.c *.h
EXAMPLE: xyam z pl256 sz -Yn *.c *.h
16.3.1 Initialized Logins When a user logs in, the Unix shell
executes commands in .profile in the user's home directory. This can
be used to accept file(s) from callers, send file(s), perform suitable
processing, and log out the user automatically.
The following .profile disables hangup and interrupt signals, then
invokes xyam to execute commands in a script.
set -e
trap "" 1 2 3
xyam source inbound.t
exit
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The following inbound.t receives a file from a hand held aviation
recorder.
echo "Send XMODEM file"
ena -d
rx -y airlink.tmp
if ? echo "File Received"
if !? echo "Sorry."
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17. OUTLINE OF COMMANDS
17.1 Setup
port 1 ..........................Select the modem port
portx hbase,vec .................Select non standard modem
speed 1200 ......................Set the "baud rate"
handshake {on|off|cts|dsr|dcd|both|slow}Hardware flow control
17.2 Data Call
queue............................Manipulate a dialing queue
call [-N] system ................[N retries]
234-5678 ........................Dial a local number
234-5678/mnp ....................Dial a local number with MNP
%l-503-621-3746 .................Dial long distance
learn lfile .....................TurboLearn information to lfile
xpc C ... .......................Enable and control virtual channels
with X.PC
bye .............................Disconnect current call
off .............................Disconnect and exit
String parameters: phones, mcommand, mprefix, msuffix, mconnect
17.3 Interactive Operation
F2, t [-modes] ..................Begin terminal conversation
learn lfile .....................TurboLearn information to lfile
conf ............................Online conference with edit window
F8 ..............................Generate a password
enable -modes ...................Modify term function characteristics
set .............................Assigns a string or command to a
function key
String parameters break, bs, esc, etx, xpassword, entstr, lpnono
17.4 Message Transfer Commands
Normal Interactive Transfers
f [-modes] file .................Send file with the term function
t [-modes] file .................Terminal conversation with capture to
file
kill ............................Erase the contents of the circular
buffer
w, ALT-W ........................Write the circular buffer
close, ALT-C ....................Close the capture file
Term Function Modes .............(capture/send modifiers)
String parameters: eolstr, blankfill
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Special File Transfers
fput ............................High Speed file dump to modem
fpute ...........................Send file with Echoplex check
fget ............................High speed modem to disk data dump
17.5 Protocol File Transfer Commands
F3, rb [-options] [dir] [file ...] Receive files with YMODEM or Clink
rz [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with ZMODEM
kermit rb [-options] ............Receive files with Kermit
rx [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM
rt [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with Telink/FIDO
r7 [-options] [dir] [file ...] ..Receive files with MODEM7
ro [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM
OverThruster
rw [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with WXMODEM
rc [-options] rxfile ............Receive a file with XMODEM/CRC
sz [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with ZMODEM
sb [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with YMODEM or Clink
sx [-options] txfile ............Send a file with XMODEM or XMODEM/CRC
st [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with Telink/FIDO
s7 [-options] txfile ... ........Send file(s) with MODEM7
zcommand COMMAND ................Remote COMMAND with ZMODEM
!!COMMAND........................Remote COMMAND with Kermit or ZMODEM
kermit sb [-options] txfile ... .Send file(s) with Kermit
Kermit Server Access Commands
AUTOMATIC File Transfers.........(Compuserve-B, Kermit, ZMODEM)
String parameters adlopts
Options for Protocol File Transfers
Numeric Parameters for XMODEM/YMODEM/ZMODEM Transfers
Special Keys for Protocol Transfers
17.6 Macro Commands
call system .....................Execute telephone directory entry
r [oldcmd] ......................Reenter previous command
Up, Down ........................Select previous commands for reentry
source scriptfile ...............Call subroutine
set .............................Assign a string or command to a
function key
keys ............................Display soft key definitions
reskeys .........................Clear soft key definitions
SOFT KEYS .......................Transmit strings or execute commands.
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17.7 Display Commands / Terminal Emulation
display displaymodes ............Set CRT parameters, screen emulation
cl, cls .........................Clear the Screen
mk...............................Map keys for terminal emulation
videobios N .....................Set video BIOS mode N (for 132 cols)
17.8 Disk/File Access Commands
a: ..............................Change default disk
ap file1 file2 ..................Append file1 to file2
apd file1 file2 .................Append file1 to file2, delete file1
cd directory ....................Change directory
cdd D:dir .......................Change disk and directory
dir[rlstx] ......................Sorted directory listings
!DOS-command ....................DOS Gateway to another program
browse file .....................Browse a set of files
crc file ... ....................Display 32 bit file CRC's
del file ........................Delete files from disk
dump file ... ...................Side by Side HEX/ASCII file dump
egrep regular-expression file ... Pattern matching file searching
egrepq regular-expression file ... String extraction
find string file ... ............Case insensitive file searching
findq string file ... ...........String extraction
list file ... ...................File list on DOS standard output
page file ... ...................Pauses after each screenful
read file .......................Fill circular buffer from open file
seek [-]offset ..................Seek to location in file
Home, End, PgUp .................Enter review function
sum file ... ....................Display Unix style file checksum
usq file ... ....................Unequeeze, [decrypt] files
wc file ... .....................File character, word, line count
<file ...........................Simulate keyboard input from file
>outfile ........................Redirect utility command output
17.9 Remote Takeover / Control
host ............................Enter Host Operation
link ............................Connect to another computer
message .........................Leave a public message
private .........................Leave a private message
remote ..........................Accept remote commands
unrestrict.......................Allow caller unrestricted access
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17.10 Support Commands
bdump file ......................Dump interrupt input buffer to file
display displaymodes ............List or change CRT operation
enable -mode[s]..................Modify term function operation
exit ............................Exit to DOS
help ............................Activate help database
kbdlock on|off ..................Lock/Unlock keyboard
kbdmon [file] ...................Monitor keystrokes in file
p ...............................Set/display numeric parameters
reset............................Reset display and disk system
set .............................Set string parameters / soft keys
17.11 Record Keeping Commands
nolog ...........................Inhibit next log entry
timestamp .......................Display/write time and other info
restime .........................Reset elapsed time counter to 0
String parameters: calllog, txlog, rxlog, plog, rxcnt
17.12 Script Commands
abort ...........................Returns to command prompt
accept ..........................Read keyboard response to string
variable
bg...............................Indicate background operation
createx file ....................Exclusive file creation (for
semaphores)
echo ............................Display message
fg...............................Indicate foreground operation
kill [-signum] procnum ..........Interprocess communications
lput string .....................Local screen write
lputp string ....................Output string to printer
expand script pathspec ..........Execute script for each file in
pathspec
fail ............................Failure return from script
gosub name[.file] ...............Script subroutine call
goto ............................Branch to label in same script.
grab svar .......................Read line from file to string
variable
if, else.........................Execute rest of line conditionally
kbdlock on|off ..................Lock/Unlock keyboard
ki ..............................Reset capture buffer search area
on ..............................Conditional execution, tested after
each command
pattern .........................Specify string searches in modem data
purge{k|l} ......................Purge typeahead or modem input buffer
put[v] ..........................Send string [variable] to modem
return...........................Return to previous script level
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